Tutorial 02: Data Wrangling

Overview

This week is all about making changes to datasets. The phrase “data wrangling” covers all aspects of working with data, “wrangling” in the same way one might wrangle wild horses (well, metaphorically!). One of the main reasons you need this skill is to clean your dataset, which means to prepare it for analysis by dealing with mistakes or problematic values in the data, reformatting or recoding variables, and calculating new variables if necessary.

Today our key tasks will be:

Practice the skill of reading codebooks and critically appraising the corresponding dataset, so that you can identify the differences between them that need wrangling.
Revise the workhorse of data wrangling, the dplyr::mutate() function for making changes to variables in a dataset.
Learn a versatile new function, dplyr::case_when(), for conditionally creating values in a new variable.

Data

Task 1

Copy the code below into a new code chunk in your own Quarto document and run the code. You should see the new object, my_data, appear in your Environment.

Then, call the name of the dataset to see what’s in it.

mcq_data <- readr::read_csv("data/tutorial_02_data.csv")

Codebook

A codebook (or “data dictionary” or similar) is a document that describes a dataset. It usually contains information about how each variable was collected, what the question(s) and response options were, and what kind of information the variable is meant to contain. It can take many forms - sometimes it might be your own plans or notes about the data you set out to collect!

However, things don’t always go according to plan. Before you do any work with a dataset, it’s always a good idea to compare the dataset to the codebook, looking out for any discrepancies or issues to resolve before you jump into the data analysis properly. Don’t just assume the data are perfect without checking for yourself.

Codebook

Overview

This dataset is adapted from real data collected by Jenny Terry. The purpose is to investigate whether students score differently on a statistics MCQ exam when they’ve had either their standard teaching session or a gamified teaching session beforehand.

Exclusions

Once data collection is complete, preview runs should be removed, and check ethical requirements (consent, age).

Variables

Variable	Type	Description	Values
id	Categorical	Unique ID code	N/A
test_round	Categorical	Time and year that the study was conducted	Spring 2024
distribution	Categorical	Channel through which the study was completed, either as a preview (before real data collection) or anonymous genuine responses.	"preview" or "anonymous"
consent	Categorical	Whether the participant read the information sheet and consented to participate.	"Yes" or "No"
gender	Categorical	Gender identity.	1 = "female" 2 = "male" 3 = "non-binary" 4 = "other/pnts" Note: "pnts" is an abbreviation for "Prefer not to say".
age	Numeric	Age in years.	Should be 18 - 99
mcq_score	Numeric	Total (summed) score on the MCQ questions.	0 (all incorrect) to 50 (all correct)
condition	Categorical	Whether participants saw the gamified statistics intervention or the standard intervention	"gamified" or "standard"
mcq_perc	Numeric	MCQ score as a percentage correct out of 50 total questions.	0% (all incorrect) to 100% (all correct)
mcq_band	Categorical	Marking band that mcq_score falls in	1st for scores above 70 2.1 for scores in the 60s 2.2 for scores in the 50s 3rd for scores in the 40s Fail for any scores below 40

To-Do List

Task 2

Inspect your dataset, and compare it to the Codebook above. Identify any discrepancies between the two, using the Codebook as a guide for what your dataset should look like, how it needs to be cleaned, and what variables it should contain.

Then, make a list below of the steps you must take to clean or change your dataset so that it matches the Codebook.

Note: For now, you can treat character data as categorical. (We’ll get into this more in second year!)

Hint

Hi there! This is a really important skill and I really strongly recommend you give it a go before you move on. It may be crucial in the future for assessments…!

So, really look at the dataset. Print it out, open it in a new tab (just click on its name in the Environment to do that or use the View() function), use summary(), dplyr::count(), or whatever method makes sense to you. Then ask yourself:

Are the variables the right type?
Do they contain the right information?
Do any variables need to be created or recoded?
Does the codebook mention any responses that should be excluded?

If you’re stumped, don’t despair. Write down what you understand about each variable. If you’re not sure, make a note and bring it to a practical or drop-in, or watch the Skills Lab recording for some revision of how to do this process.

Solution

Let’s look through the variables one by one.

id: No issues here. Each person appears to have a different ID code.
test_round: This variable doesn’t exist in the dataset, so we’ll need to create it.
distribution: There are examples of both “preview” and “anonymous” cases, and the Codebook mentions that preview cases should be excluded.
consent: There are examples of people saying “Yes” and “No” as well as refusing to answer (NA). The Codebook mentions that only ethical cases should be included - so, only people who responded “Yes” (not “No” or NA).
gender: No issues here.
age: Hmm. The Codebook says that this variable should be numeric, but in R it is instead character. That’s not good, since we won’t be able to do calculations (like reporting the mean participant age, for example) if the data is in the wrong format. So, we should look into why that is and fix it.
mcq_score: No issues here.
condition: No issues here.
mcq_perc: This variable doesn’t exist in the dataset, so we’ll need to create it.
mcq_band: This variable doesn’t exist in the dataset, so we’ll need to create it.

In this tutorial, we’ll tackle the issues in this order:

Create test_round (Task 3)
Create mcq_perc (Task 4)
Create mcq_band (Task 5)
Fix age (Task 6)
Do the exclusions for distribution, consent, and age in the optional ChallengR (Task 7)

Now that we have a list of tasks to tackle, we need the tools to do it. That’s where our star this week comes in! You will likely have seen it before, but let’s do a little revision of the hardworking dplyr::mutate() function.

Mutate

The mutate() function is one of the most essential functions from the {dplyr} package. Its primary job is to easily and transparently make changes within a dataset - in particular, a tibble.

Basic Form

To make a single, straightforward change to a tibble, use the basic form:

dplyr::mutate(
    dataset_name,
    variable_name = instructions_for_creating_the_variable
  )

variable_name is the name of the variable that will be changed by mutate(). This can be any name that follows R’s object naming rules. There are two main options for this name:

If the dataset does not already contain a variable called variable_name, a new variable will be added to the dataset.
If the dataset does already contain a variable called variable_name, the new variable will silently¹ replace (i.e. overwrite) the existing variable with the same name.

instructions_for_creating_the_variable tells the function how to create variable_name. These instructions can be any valid R code, from a single value to complicated calculations or combinations of other variables. You can think of these instructions exactly the same way as the vector calculations we talked about last week.

Adding New Variables

As a first example to start working with mutate(), imagine we have found some collaborators to work with on future rounds of this study, and we want to combine our datasets. To keep track of where the data came from, we want to add a lab variable to our existing dataset, which should contain the name of the university before we add more data.

1dplyr::mutate(
    mcq_data,
2    lab = "Sussex"
  )

1: Make a change to the mcq_data dataset as follows:
2: Create a new variable, lab, that contains the value "Sussex"

id	distribution	consent	gender	age	mcq_score	condition	lab
0C3da	anonymous	Yes	female	20	27	standard	Sussex
0D7OT	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	18	standard	Sussex
0Sbvm	anonymous	NA	female	19	14	gamified	Sussex
0c4cs	anonymous	Yes	female	20	24	gamified	Sussex
0qtaJ	anonymous	Yes	female	19	8	gamified	Sussex
0upnc	anonymous	Yes	female	19	27	standard	Sussex
11RWE	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	16	gamified	Sussex
13ECk	anonymous	Yes	female	18	16	gamified	Sussex
14hab	anonymous	Yes	female	19	36	gamified	Sussex
17DVa	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	35	gamified	Sussex
1Rn6s	anonymous	Yes	male	18	32	gamified	Sussex
1U3uo	preview	Yes	female	19	24	gamified	Sussex
1VTIt	anonymous	Yes	male	17	32	standard	Sussex
1YdZV	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	standard	Sussex
1Zycx	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	21	24	standard	Sussex
1crQC	anonymous	Yes	female	19	36	gamified	Sussex
25pc7	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	gamified	Sussex
2JwwB	anonymous	Yes	female	20	40	standard	Sussex
2Nrw1	anonymous	Yes	female	18	28	gamified	Sussex
2Rauy	anonymous	Yes	female	21	NA	standard	Sussex
2eaqo	anonymous	Yes	female	19	28	gamified	Sussex
2jBId	anonymous	No	female	18	14	standard	Sussex
2jceE	anonymous	Yes	female	18	24	standard	Sussex
2nPXu	anonymous	Yes	male	19	NA	gamified	Sussex
2u1pE	anonymous	Yes	female	19	36	gamified	Sussex
30f1u	anonymous	Yes	female	18	27	standard	Sussex
3U4eV	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex
3UxFq	anonymous	Yes	female	19	36	gamified	Sussex
3co3p	anonymous	Yes	non-binary	19	27	gamified	Sussex
3fsST	anonymous	Yes	female	60	24	gamified	Sussex
3i2E1	anonymous	Yes	female	19	32	standard	Sussex
3tYkD	anonymous	Yes	female	230	10	standard	Sussex
42gb3	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	40	standard	Sussex
4AOOf	anonymous	Yes	female	20	36	standard	Sussex
4DdZ7	anonymous	Yes	female	20	14	standard	Sussex
4bD0z	anonymous	NA	other/pnts	18	32	gamified	Sussex
4fj5T	anonymous	Yes	male	180	28	standard	Sussex
4sl1v	anonymous	Yes	male	17	8	gamified	Sussex
567FX	anonymous	Yes	male	20	16	standard	Sussex
57VIy	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	gamified	Sussex
5P1SM	anonymous	Yes	female	21	9	standard	Sussex
5R6kh	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	standard	Sussex
5kwV6	anonymous	Yes	female	21	14	standard	Sussex
604sE	anonymous	Yes	female	17	24	standard	Sussex
60RT2	anonymous	Yes	female	18	28	standard	Sussex
6BURB	anonymous	No	other/pnts	21	18	standard	Sussex
6eXcl	anonymous	Yes	female	20	16	standard	Sussex
6ieyf	anonymous	Yes	female	20	16	gamified	Sussex
79bUy	anonymous	Yes	female	37	14	standard	Sussex
7IBO5	anonymous	Yes	female	20	18	gamified	Sussex
7Rnrs	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	gamified	Sussex
7aqLl	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	17	16	standard	Sussex
7cNhh	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	gamified	Sussex
7nmrS	anonymous	Yes	male	20	24	gamified	Sussex
7q2mO	anonymous	Yes	female	20	28	gamified	Sussex
7q31O	anonymous	NA	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex
7suHW	anonymous	Yes	female	17	14	gamified	Sussex
8FULZ	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	gamified	Sussex
8NDBN	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	standard	Sussex
8QRNK	anonymous	Yes	non-binary	18	24	standard	Sussex
8VtOH	anonymous	Yes	female	21	36	gamified	Sussex
8a4cQ	anonymous	Yes	female	18	16	standard	Sussex
8gZ4N	anonymous	Yes	male	20	32	gamified	Sussex
8njXv	preview	NA	female	18 years	36	standard	Sussex
8oJjk	anonymous	Yes	female	18	27	gamified	Sussex
91elw	anonymous	Yes	male	19	40	gamified	Sussex
9C8jB	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	28	standard	Sussex
9JizO	anonymous	Yes	male	20	36	standard	Sussex
9eSGk	anonymous	Yes	female	20	16	gamified	Sussex
9kScn	anonymous	Yes	female	20	50	gamified	Sussex
9mpUu	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	52	14	standard	Sussex
9vOj2	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	NA	gamified	Sussex
A0bdM	anonymous	Yes	female	20	14	gamified	Sussex
A3fBz	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	26	18	standard	Sussex
AB3Ij	anonymous	Yes	female	19	27	gamified	Sussex
ABIG8	anonymous	Yes	female	18	24	standard	Sussex
AIDGD	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	gamified	Sussex
AMVGF	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	27	gamified	Sussex
AU8Xf	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	standard	Sussex
B3sQT	anonymous	Yes	male	20 years old	21	gamified	Sussex
B9ptw	anonymous	Yes	female	18	24	standard	Sussex
BD5VH	anonymous	Yes	female	17	35	standard	Sussex
BKRNd	anonymous	Yes	female	19	22	standard	Sussex
BLQ0T	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	12	gamified	Sussex
BMp5i	anonymous	Yes	female	18	45	standard	Sussex
BOAq9	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	21	standard	Sussex
BQzv9	anonymous	Yes	female	20	18	gamified	Sussex
BT3yn	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	17	NA	gamified	Sussex
BaEJT	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	gamified	Sussex
Bawej	anonymous	Yes	male	18	27	gamified	Sussex
BwZMT	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	gamified	Sussex
BxoYr	anonymous	Yes	male	19	21	gamified	Sussex
C0uUo	anonymous	Yes	female	20	16	standard	Sussex
C2yd8	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	gamified	Sussex
C7cZS	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	35	gamified	Sussex
CNnTV	anonymous	NA	female	210	7	gamified	Sussex
CWz9G	anonymous	Yes	female	22	36	gamified	Sussex
CXCEY	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex
CZAvP	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	gamified	Sussex
CZkx0	anonymous	Yes	female	20	14	standard	Sussex
CkUqi	anonymous	Yes	female	19	27	standard	Sussex
Cntlm	anonymous	Yes	female	18	24	standard	Sussex
D09VK	preview	Yes	female	20	NA	gamified	Sussex
D27tu	anonymous	Yes	female	20	24	standard	Sussex
D4Ouu	anonymous	Yes	female	32	NA	gamified	Sussex
D8xUm	anonymous	Yes	female	20	21	gamified	Sussex
DKWAC	anonymous	Yes	male	18	NA	standard	Sussex
DNVaD	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex
DQMDF	anonymous	Yes	female	19	40	standard	Sussex
DR76B	anonymous	Yes	female	20	24	gamified	Sussex
DSXgx	anonymous	Yes	female	21	35	gamified	Sussex
DcHno	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	standard	Sussex
DoFNW	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	16	gamified	Sussex
DoH5g	anonymous	No	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex
DxQWx	anonymous	Yes	female	20	6	gamified	Sussex
EBecP	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex
EGFk2	anonymous	Yes	female	18	9	gamified	Sussex
ELGp5	anonymous	Yes	male	18	NA	gamified	Sussex
EPLlm	anonymous	Yes	female	19	36	gamified	Sussex
EjbZG	anonymous	No	male	19	40	gamified	Sussex
EjpDL	anonymous	Yes	female	18	27	gamified	Sussex
Er8lG	anonymous	Yes	female	18	32	gamified	Sussex
F6UhY	anonymous	Yes	female	18	8	standard	Sussex
FEPUM	anonymous	Yes	female	19	35	standard	Sussex
FHqks	anonymous	Yes	female	19	36	standard	Sussex
FLUxb	anonymous	Yes	female	18	32	gamified	Sussex
FQ9jA	anonymous	Yes	female	19	27	standard	Sussex
FXs3X	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	gamified	Sussex
FY4Qd	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	standard	Sussex
FgC2w	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	16	standard	Sussex
Fv6Hm	anonymous	Yes	female	19	14	standard	Sussex
FxA3a	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	0	standard	Sussex
G750q	anonymous	Yes	female	18	28	gamified	Sussex
GF7AW	anonymous	Yes	female	18	40	gamified	Sussex
GIdfy	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	24	standard	Sussex
GPeCC	anonymous	Yes	female	20	24	standard	Sussex
GXFHo	anonymous	Yes	female	18	36	standard	Sussex
GtuVx	anonymous	Yes	female	18	21	standard	Sussex
GwzPE	preview	Yes	non-binary	19	12	gamified	Sussex
H0grb	anonymous	Yes	female	19	40	gamified	Sussex
Htlec	anonymous	Yes	male	190	24	gamified	Sussex
IB3jV	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	NA	standard	Sussex
IJpxI	anonymous	Yes	male	20	8	standard	Sussex
IaQTG	anonymous	Yes	female	19	36	gamified	Sussex
ItPc5	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	28	standard	Sussex
IxAfx	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	standard	Sussex
IxCJg	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	14	standard	Sussex
IybPq	anonymous	Yes	female	19	27	standard	Sussex
J5rW4	anonymous	Yes	female	20	16	gamified	Sussex
Jb4Zj	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	NA	gamified	Sussex
Jfu4H	anonymous	NA	male	18	NA	gamified	Sussex
JmGnA	anonymous	Yes	female	19	45	standard	Sussex
K4ccy	anonymous	Yes	female	19	40	standard	Sussex
K4cqA	anonymous	Yes	female	20	16	gamified	Sussex
K5AI8	anonymous	Yes	female	20	30	gamified	Sussex
K6WAN	anonymous	Yes	female	21	30	standard	Sussex
KH29p	anonymous	Yes	female	19	0	gamified	Sussex
KJnFK	anonymous	Yes	female	18	40	gamified	Sussex
KQSrs	preview	NA	male	21	16	standard	Sussex
KaPny	anonymous	Yes	male	19	18	standard	Sussex
KarR9	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex
KcUpk	anonymous	Yes	female	18	12	gamified	Sussex
Kf7xs	anonymous	Yes	female	18	16	standard	Sussex
KjaQK	anonymous	Yes	female	18	32	gamified	Sussex
L0CPk	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	20	standard	Sussex
L4Qxw	anonymous	Yes	male	19	28	gamified	Sussex
LONaU	anonymous	Yes	female	18	NA	gamified	Sussex
LYiMm	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	NA	gamified	Sussex
LZPJq	anonymous	Yes	female	19	32	standard	Sussex
Ljcpu	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	24	28	standard	Sussex
LlCNK	anonymous	Yes	female	18	NA	gamified	Sussex
M2MI0	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	27	standard	Sussex
M4BLy	anonymous	Yes	female	18	NA	standard	Sussex
M8Oxv	anonymous	Yes	female	19	9	standard	Sussex
MBn1k	anonymous	Yes	female	21	27	gamified	Sussex
MFJt5	anonymous	Yes	male	21	0	standard	Sussex
MIov5	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	NA	gamified	Sussex
MZjPB	anonymous	NA	non-binary	19	27	gamified	Sussex
MhO9r	anonymous	Yes	male	19	21	gamified	Sussex
MuIEO	anonymous	Yes	male	22	NA	standard	Sussex
N0jIl	anonymous	Yes	female	17	16	gamified	Sussex
N6FTh	anonymous	Yes	female	19	21	standard	Sussex
NdYHw	anonymous	Yes	male	17	NA	standard	Sussex
NqFOx	anonymous	Yes	male	19	27	standard	Sussex
O5JsZ	anonymous	Yes	male	19	20	standard	Sussex
O8CdZ	anonymous	Yes	female	19	32	standard	Sussex
OGIx2	anonymous	Yes	female	22	27	standard	Sussex
OXSGm	anonymous	Yes	female	20	32	standard	Sussex
Ovi8C	anonymous	Yes	female	20	12	gamified	Sussex
OygRR	anonymous	Yes	female	19	18	standard	Sussex
PHYsH	anonymous	Yes	female	19	28	standard	Sussex
PWZd9	anonymous	Yes	female	19	40	standard	Sussex
QDq3A	anonymous	Yes	female	49	36	gamified	Sussex
QDtKQ	anonymous	Yes	female	18	NA	gamified	Sussex
QQVJe	anonymous	Yes	female	18	NA	gamified	Sussex
Qcugp	anonymous	Yes	female	34	35	gamified	Sussex
QpLrh	anonymous	Yes	female	19	14	gamified	Sussex
R2B6T	anonymous	Yes	non-binary	20	27	standard	Sussex
R2Y7E	anonymous	Yes	female	220	45	gamified	Sussex
R47v6	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	27	gamified	Sussex
RCDNX	anonymous	Yes	female	18	28	standard	Sussex
RFJnJ	anonymous	Yes	female	19	9	standard	Sussex
RKrjC	anonymous	Yes	female	21	36	gamified	Sussex
RVUhK	anonymous	Yes	female	19	35	gamified	Sussex
RhYFX	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	18	gamified	Sussex
RxCMC	anonymous	Yes	female	18	8	gamified	Sussex
SAkjm	anonymous	Yes	male	20	21	standard	Sussex
SZWB3	anonymous	Yes	female	18	45	gamified	Sussex
SaC0c	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	standard	Sussex
TAtlY	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex
Td2sp	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	43	24	gamified	Sussex
Tvu4K	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	47	24	standard	Sussex
U7rUC	anonymous	Yes	female	20	0	standard	Sussex
UJPCB	preview	Yes	female	18	28	standard	Sussex
UUvvR	anonymous	Yes	female	18	32	gamified	Sussex
UfHKg	preview	Yes	other/pnts	18	36	standard	Sussex
UoCiQ	anonymous	Yes	female	44	NA	standard	Sussex
UsFJA	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	21	NA	standard	Sussex
VAsax	anonymous	Yes	male	19	32	gamified	Sussex
VAzZ4	preview	Yes	female	19	18	gamified	Sussex
VEsAZ	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	standard	Sussex
VFHCz	anonymous	Yes	female	18	NA	standard	Sussex
VLNR8	anonymous	Yes	female	19	18	standard	Sussex
VSXkO	anonymous	Yes	female	19	32	gamified	Sussex
VX0eQ	anonymous	Yes	female	19	14	gamified	Sussex
VZ8g2	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	NA	gamified	Sussex
Vauqd	anonymous	Yes	female	18	18	gamified	Sussex
Vgbl2	anonymous	Yes	female	19	27	standard	Sussex
VpL9v	anonymous	No	female	19	27	gamified	Sussex
VrH7Z	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	gamified	Sussex
Vu8ja	anonymous	Yes	female	20	27	gamified	Sussex
W0GJa	anonymous	Yes	female	20	27	standard	Sussex
WBwEl	anonymous	Yes	female	18	NA	standard	Sussex
WFtTV	anonymous	Yes	female	21	18	gamified	Sussex
WIBkj	anonymous	Yes	male	18	32	gamified	Sussex
WRhXk	anonymous	NA	female	19	24	standard	Sussex
WZeXp	anonymous	Yes	female	19	18	gamified	Sussex
Wa4i1	anonymous	Yes	male	20	NA	gamified	Sussex
WdOtI	anonymous	Yes	male	18	NA	standard	Sussex
WhMr1	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	standard	Sussex
WkVff	anonymous	Yes	male	20	14	standard	Sussex
Wkczy	anonymous	Yes	male	42	16	standard	Sussex
WpZoF	anonymous	Yes	female	20	18	standard	Sussex
WrbdV	anonymous	Yes	female	20	7	standard	Sussex
WvTTm	anonymous	Yes	female	19	32	gamified	Sussex
Wxab9	anonymous	Yes	female	46	14	standard	Sussex
WzwfL	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	standard	Sussex
X4X9u	anonymous	Yes	female	19	8	gamified	Sussex
X94fv	anonymous	Yes	female	21	NA	standard	Sussex
XMUsl	anonymous	Yes	male	20	24	standard	Sussex
XNla5	anonymous	Yes	female	19	32	gamified	Sussex
XRmHi	anonymous	Yes	female	19	40	gamified	Sussex
XTNNv	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	standard	Sussex
XdQAZ	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	21	21	gamified	Sussex
XdULZ	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	6	gamified	Sussex
Xhe8o	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	standard	Sussex
Y4hX5	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	17	30	gamified	Sussex
Y9l70	anonymous	Yes	female	19	45	gamified	Sussex
YBBpv	anonymous	Yes	male	20	10	standard	Sussex
YDlvy	anonymous	Yes	female	39	28	standard	Sussex
YI5OX	preview	Yes	male	23	28	gamified	Sussex
YJiyx	anonymous	Yes	male	18	18	gamified	Sussex
YyvSr	anonymous	Yes	female	20	16	gamified	Sussex
Z3D1i	anonymous	Yes	female	18	30	standard	Sussex
Z5pG4	anonymous	Yes	female	20	35	standard	Sussex
ZdlsP	anonymous	Yes	female	17	30	standard	Sussex
ZfbJ5	anonymous	No	other/pnts	19	32	gamified	Sussex
Zikvz	anonymous	Yes	female	20	24	gamified	Sussex
ZmXSs	anonymous	Yes	female	18	21	standard	Sussex
aLaPg	anonymous	Yes	male	18	40	gamified	Sussex
adPdh	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex
aeqF8	anonymous	Yes	female	20	30	gamified	Sussex
ajiJb	anonymous	NA	female	20	NA	gamified	Sussex
an4Bk	anonymous	Yes	male	18	18	standard	Sussex
asHWN	anonymous	Yes	female	20	35	gamified	Sussex
bWJ9P	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	gamified	Sussex
bbEVT	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	9	gamified	Sussex
bq9vF	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	16	standard	Sussex
cF65b	anonymous	Yes	female	20	32	standard	Sussex
cLK5b	anonymous	Yes	female	17	40	gamified	Sussex
caofW	anonymous	Yes	female	20	18	standard	Sussex
cwMSQ	anonymous	Yes	female	19	18	standard	Sussex
d4rJu	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	57	21	gamified	Sussex
dGttD	anonymous	Yes	male	21	24	standard	Sussex
dSPKO	anonymous	Yes	female	20	40	gamified	Sussex
daDjs	anonymous	Yes	female	19	27	standard	Sussex
dl5cO	anonymous	Yes	female	51	7	standard	Sussex
dtOna	anonymous	Yes	male	20	NA	gamified	Sussex
eFBcM	anonymous	NA	female	19	8	standard	Sussex
eGI1r	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	14	gamified	Sussex
eXXqe	anonymous	Yes	female	20	18	gamified	Sussex
fCUzB	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	standard	Sussex
fIkUH	anonymous	Yes	male	18	45	gamified	Sussex
fL8q6	anonymous	No	female	19	40	gamified	Sussex
fMpxN	anonymous	Yes	female	20	16	standard	Sussex
fXyk6	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex
faZaK	anonymous	Yes	female	18	16	standard	Sussex
fevx8	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex
fvTHz	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	standard	Sussex
fyRug	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	18	standard	Sussex
fysPC	anonymous	Yes	female	20	9	gamified	Sussex
gEk8c	anonymous	Yes	female	20	45	gamified	Sussex
gFk3j	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	gamified	Sussex
gLGEb	anonymous	Yes	female	20	32	standard	Sussex
gTwyG	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	NA	gamified	Sussex
gbS51	anonymous	Yes	female	20	8	standard	Sussex
getql	anonymous	Yes	female	20	36	standard	Sussex
gys2m	anonymous	Yes	female	19	0	gamified	Sussex
h9bgT	anonymous	Yes	female	21	36	gamified	Sussex
hAk7r	anonymous	Yes	female	19	27	standard	Sussex
hL89D	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	28	gamified	Sussex
hO1d9	anonymous	Yes	female	18	8	gamified	Sussex
hVnBV	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	gamified	Sussex
hvnBr	anonymous	No	female	20	NA	gamified	Sussex
hwSwZ	anonymous	Yes	female	19	33	standard	Sussex
i59RR	anonymous	NA	other/pnts	20	36	gamified	Sussex
iCrQN	anonymous	Yes	female	19	36	standard	Sussex
iD9hw	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex
iPxF0	anonymous	Yes	female	19	20	gamified	Sussex
iXfgl	anonymous	Yes	female	18	6	standard	Sussex
iZ5Ke	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	54	21	standard	Sussex
il39l	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex
j7KVe	anonymous	Yes	female	20	18	gamified	Sussex
jHGu5	anonymous	Yes	female	45	36	gamified	Sussex
jLARq	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	24	standard	Sussex
jSyAN	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	17	27	standard	Sussex
jWq9O	anonymous	Yes	female	18	27	gamified	Sussex
jf3nH	anonymous	Yes	female	20	18	standard	Sussex
jgRNK	anonymous	Yes	female	19	21	standard	Sussex
ji41d	anonymous	Yes	female	16	18	standard	Sussex
jmLsY	anonymous	Yes	female	18	18	gamified	Sussex
jmwSi	anonymous	Yes	female	18	36	gamified	Sussex
jrDKg	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	gamified	Sussex
jtMtP	anonymous	Yes	female	18	6	gamified	Sussex
k6UDx	anonymous	Yes	male	19	8	standard	Sussex
kEP1V	anonymous	Yes	non-binary	53	NA	gamified	Sussex
kMNiI	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	standard	Sussex
kPaPZ	anonymous	Yes	female	19	21	gamified	Sussex
kRMUF	anonymous	Yes	female	19	7	standard	Sussex
kS1iR	anonymous	Yes	female	18	9	standard	Sussex
kYoLp	anonymous	Yes	female	21	16	standard	Sussex
kcnVj	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	standard	Sussex
khOxC	anonymous	Yes	female	19	27	standard	Sussex
kl0sP	anonymous	Yes	female	18	40	gamified	Sussex
kmG6j	anonymous	Yes	female	19	20	standard	Sussex
kytPK	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	27	standard	Sussex
l60b2	anonymous	Yes	female	20	24	standard	Sussex
lGp5b	anonymous	Yes	female	17	9	standard	Sussex
lWSMK	anonymous	NA	female	19	16	gamified	Sussex
lZYPj	anonymous	Yes	male	19	NA	standard	Sussex
leQj6	anonymous	No	female	20	8	standard	Sussex
llurT	anonymous	Yes	female	18	21	standard	Sussex
loO7K	anonymous	Yes	female	21	36	gamified	Sussex
lvGzW	anonymous	Yes	female	19	28	standard	Sussex
lyC9q	anonymous	Yes	male	18	36	standard	Sussex
m2Dcx	anonymous	Yes	female	17	32	gamified	Sussex
m5atb	anonymous	No	other/pnts	18	45	gamified	Sussex
m7RM9	anonymous	NA	male	20	24	standard	Sussex
mNfOf	anonymous	Yes	female	20	24	gamified	Sussex
mRJfz	anonymous	Yes	female	18	32	gamified	Sussex
mUe2L	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	gamified	Sussex
mVFza	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	16	standard	Sussex
mWF7h	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	NA	standard	Sussex
mfTib	anonymous	Yes	female	20	18	standard	Sussex
mgU6J	anonymous	Yes	female	18	24	gamified	Sussex
mm5mY	anonymous	Yes	male	20	NA	gamified	Sussex
mw4Kf	anonymous	Yes	female	19	18	standard	Sussex
n33R4	anonymous	Yes	female	27	36	standard	Sussex
n4R4P	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	gamified	Sussex
n5DlS	anonymous	NA	female	19	NA	gamified	Sussex
nQtEb	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex
nRG2C	preview	NA	female	20	40	gamified	Sussex
nSNLc	anonymous	Yes	female	17	NA	standard	Sussex
njgt8	anonymous	Yes	female	20	21	gamified	Sussex
nm9bk	anonymous	Yes	female	17	NA	gamified	Sussex
no5PW	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	gamified	Sussex
noVdw	anonymous	Yes	female	48	45	gamified	Sussex
nyaYZ	anonymous	Yes	female	20	40	gamified	Sussex
o0nLV	preview	Yes	female	19	21	standard	Sussex
oGu48	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	28	standard	Sussex
oRz5N	anonymous	Yes	female	18	32	standard	Sussex
oTapN	anonymous	Yes	male	18	27	standard	Sussex
oYLJv	anonymous	No	female	19	20	standard	Sussex
ocAbh	anonymous	NA	male	18	12	standard	Sussex
ouFFF	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	gamified	Sussex
p4ZE3	anonymous	Yes	female	200	18	standard	Sussex
pQZlb	anonymous	Yes	male	18	NA	standard	Sussex
pXcHr	anonymous	Yes	female	21	18	standard	Sussex
pnZuQ	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	gamified	Sussex
qHA0y	anonymous	NA	female	18	40	gamified	Sussex
qIdkI	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	32	standard	Sussex
qN6C4	anonymous	Yes	female	18	24	gamified	Sussex
qN9TW	anonymous	NA	female	21	24	gamified	Sussex
qQwMw	preview	Yes	female	20	14	gamified	Sussex
qXrrA	anonymous	Yes	male	20	30	gamified	Sussex
qYYts	anonymous	Yes	female	21	NA	gamified	Sussex
qb9LW	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	NA	gamified	Sussex
qejj5	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex
qhsfF	anonymous	Yes	female	18	40	gamified	Sussex
qkyKI	anonymous	Yes	female	17	24	gamified	Sussex
qtaGK	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	32	standard	Sussex
r50GM	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	gamified	Sussex
rDPQX	anonymous	Yes	female	20	32	gamified	Sussex
rFHo4	anonymous	NA	female	20	50	gamified	Sussex
rOXvR	anonymous	No	female	19	18	gamified	Sussex
rcnu3	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	16	gamified	Sussex
rhVte	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	36	gamified	Sussex
rriRG	anonymous	Yes	female	19	21	gamified	Sussex
s4P5c	anonymous	NA	female	17	28	gamified	Sussex
s94aP	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	gamified	Sussex
sMnDB	anonymous	Yes	female	21	24	standard	Sussex
sXQ1a	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	gamified	Sussex
seB6W	anonymous	Yes	male	20	18	standard	Sussex
smrQ6	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	21	28	gamified	Sussex
swu32	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	standard	Sussex
sxLaB	anonymous	Yes	female	21	NA	gamified	Sussex
t1mfp	anonymous	Yes	female	55	27	standard	Sussex
t78FX	anonymous	Yes	female	19	45	standard	Sussex
tNLJ3	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	standard	Sussex
tNuov	anonymous	Yes	female	20	21	standard	Sussex
tP3EH	anonymous	Yes	male	19	27	gamified	Sussex
tPgph	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	standard	Sussex
tRubH	anonymous	Yes	non-binary	21	NA	standard	Sussex
td473	anonymous	No	male	18	12	standard	Sussex
tiMsW	anonymous	Yes	female	20	9	standard	Sussex
u4hGl	anonymous	Yes	female	36	27	gamified	Sussex
uEu4N	anonymous	Yes	female	18	NA	gamified	Sussex
uQ6Yl	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	gamified	Sussex
uaJGu	anonymous	Yes	male	20	16	gamified	Sussex
ubxCE	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	24	gamified	Sussex
ucGBA	anonymous	Yes	female	19	9	standard	Sussex
udr3I	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	NA	gamified	Sussex
uhz5w	anonymous	Yes	female	21	16	standard	Sussex
ulrFC	preview	Yes	female	18	40	standard	Sussex
vEL8x	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	45	standard	Sussex
vKzBO	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	8	standard	Sussex
vhcvY	anonymous	No	female	19	21	gamified	Sussex
vr1Ak	anonymous	Yes	female	18	12	standard	Sussex
vsJ55	anonymous	Yes	female	17	20	standard	Sussex
w3VSM	anonymous	Yes	female	16	NA	gamified	Sussex
w7s9C	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	18	gamified	Sussex
wBIMq	anonymous	Yes	male	19	NA	standard	Sussex
wG2TR	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	gamified	Sussex
wJTzk	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	7	standard	Sussex
wUMuo	anonymous	Yes	male	19	16	standard	Sussex
wgZsr	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	32	standard	Sussex
x7wPc	anonymous	Yes	female	19	20	standard	Sussex
x84Lq	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	gamified	Sussex
xqMbq	anonymous	Yes	male	20	27	standard	Sussex
y9Spo	anonymous	Yes	female	19	32	standard	Sussex
yI4K6	anonymous	Yes	male	19	NA	gamified	Sussex
yIuEJ	anonymous	Yes	female	18	21	gamified	Sussex
yOdXf	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	NA	standard	Sussex
yc1im	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	standard	Sussex
yf2Sk	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	16	gamified	Sussex
ywt26	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	NA	gamified	Sussex
z3Fm4	anonymous	No	female	19	40	gamified	Sussex
z96zx	anonymous	Yes	female	21	8	standard	Sussex
zDLXV	anonymous	Yes	female	19	14	gamified	Sussex
zEubx	anonymous	Yes	non-binary	18	NA	gamified	Sussex
zFO0Y	anonymous	Yes	female	20	32	gamified	Sussex
zGCo3	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	14	gamified	Sussex
zL7Ou	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	gamified	Sussex
zLJmL	anonymous	Yes	female	21	9	standard	Sussex
zVpq5	anonymous	Yes	female	17	45	gamified	Sussex
ziCb2	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	36	gamified	Sussex
zwh9W	anonymous	Yes	female	19	36	gamified	Sussex

Because this dataset doesn’t have a variable called lab yet, the variable we’ve created is added as a new column to the dataset (by default, at the end).

Assigning Changes

Before we go on, an absolutely essential step for making changes to a dataset is to assign the changes back to the dataset using the assignment operator, <-. You may have noticed above that the mutate() command to create the lab variable printed out the dataset in the document, but didn’t actually change the mcq_data object. You can confirm this by clicking on the dataset in your Environment to open the dataset in a new tab, or using any method you like to check the number or names of the variables.

names(mcq_data)

[1] "id"           "distribution" "consent"      "gender"       "age"         
[6] "mcq_score"    "condition"

If we really wanted to get fancy, we could ask R whether the vector of names of the variables in the dataset contains the name "lab", using what we know about logical assertions:

"lab" %in% names(mcq_data)

[1] FALSE

No lab variable!

That’s expected, because the command we wrote to create the lab variable didn’t assign the output anywhere. Instead, the output was printed out into the document, but as far as R is concerned, because we didn’t assign that output to an object, it’s like it never happened. If we want to keep the change we made - and we do! - we must assign the output to an object.

Vocab: Assignment

Assignment is a critical operation in R, in which the output from a command is stored, or assigned, under an object name. To do this, we use the assignment operator, <-, which looks like an arrow pointing to the left. The object name that the arrow points at, to the left-hand side of the arrow, is the object that will be created or updated. The output of the instructions on the right-hand side of the arrow is the information that the object will contain. In pseudocode, this looks like:

object <- instructions

If you assign the output of some instructions to an object name that does not currently exist in your Environment, you will create a new object.

If you assign the output of some instructions to an object name that already currently exists in your Environment, you will overwrite the existing object with the new output.

In this case, we want to “update” the mcq_data object to contain the new variable we’re creating. So, we want to overwrite the existing mcq_data object with the updated version created by the mutate() command. To do this, we assign the output of the mutate() command to the same object name as the existing dataset, like this:

mcq_data <- dplyr::mutate(
    mcq_data,
    lab = "Sussex"
  )

Once we run that, we can check that the variable has been created in the dataset:

"lab" %in% names(mcq_data)

[1] TRUE

Success! The mcq_data dataset now contains the lab variable we created.

Task 3

As we noted on our to-do list, create a new variable in the dataset called test_round, which contains the value “Spring 2024” for all participants. Make sure you update your dataset so that it includes the new variable.

Solution

mcq_data <- dplyr::mutate(
  mcq_data,
  test_round = "Spring 2024"
)

So far we’ve only created constants in our dataset - that is, we’ve created new columns that contain the same value for every participant. Let’s look next at how to create a new variable calculated using other variables in the dataset.

To do this, we follow the same procedure as before. As a reminder, the basic form of the mutate() function is:

dplyr::mutate(
    dataset_name,
    variable_name = instructions_for_creating_the_variable
  )

We’re going to again create a new variable, but this time we will write the instructions using other variables in the dataset. For this task, we want to apply the same operation for every row, so we can just write the calculation using the variable name².

From our codebook, we can see that there is a variable missing from our dataset that needs to be calculated, called mcq_perc. The codebook tells us that this is the raw MCQ score converted to a percentage out of 50. Let’s create it using the existing mcq_score variable.

Task 4

Create a new mcq_perc variable in the dataset, using the mcq_score variable. Make sure you update your dataset so that it includes the new variable.

Hint

To create the new variable, you will need to update the pseudocode variable_name = instructions_for_creating_the_variable with the right values. Which of these is mcq_perc, the variable we want to create? Where do we use mcq_score, the variable we want to use for the calculation?

Remember there are two steps to calculate a percentage score out of 100: divide each score by the max possible score, and then multiply by 100.

Solution

mcq_data <- dplyr::mutate(
  mcq_data,
  mcq_perc = mcq_score/50*100
)

Conditionals with `case_when()`

Thus far, the new variables we’ve created with mutate() apply to every case the same way. So, when we created the test_round variable, we assigned the same single value to every case; and when we created the mcq_perc variable, we used the same instructions for every case to calculate the percentage from the score.

However, we might not always want to do the same thing for every case. Sometimes, instead, we might want to assign different values for different cases, depending on their characteristics. This is where the new function dplyr::case_when() comes in. It can be used to recode the values from one variable into new one, but it can also combine information across variables and handle multiple conditions.

Vocab: Recoding

When we mention “recoding” a variable, that essentially means changing the way that the information is expressed. So, for example, if I recode a score into a categorical variable using a cutoff value - as we will do in a moment - I am changing the way the information about score is captured in my dataset.

To use case_when(), we will create a variable that contains different values depending on some conditions that we set. Those conditions will take the form of….logical assertions, exactly what we were practicing last week! Let’s have a look.

Basic Form

The basic form for creating a new variable using dplyr::case_when() looks like this:

dplyr::mutate(
  dataset_name,
  new_variable = dplyr::case_when(
    logical_assertion ~ value,
    .default = value_to_use_for_cases_with_no_matches
  )
)

Just as we saw above, new_variable will be the name of the variable that we are creating (or changing). Instead of using a simple expression for our instructions, we instead create those instructions using dplyr::case_when().

Inside case_when(), we first see logical_assertion, which is any R code that returns TRUE and FALSE values. These should be very familiar by now!

value is the value to put in new_variable for the cases for which logical_assertion returns TRUE.

Overall, you can think of each line in case_when() as an “if…then…” statement, with multiple lines giving multiple possibilities. So: “If logical_assertion is true, then (~) assign value; otherwise if a_different_logical_assertion is true, then (~) assign a_different_value …” and so on.

The assertions are evaluated sequentially (from first to last in the order they are written in the function), and the first match determines the value. This means that the assertions must be ordered from most specific to least specific.

Testing Assertions

The assertions for dplyr::case_when() are the same as the ones we used previously in dplyr::filter(). In fact, if you need to test the assertion you are writing to ensure that your code will work as you want, you can try the same assertion in dplyr::filter() to check whether the cases it returns are only and exactly the ones you want to change.

Recoding a Variable

Let’s look at an example of how to use case_when() to conditionally change the values in a variable.

Previously, we created the mcq_perc variable, which contains percentage scores (out of 100) on the MCQ exam. Our Codebook, however, also includes an mcq_band variable, which contains the marking band of the MCQ score. To create this variable, we can use case_when() to conditionally assign different marking bands to different score ranges.

Let’s get started with an example. First, we can set up the structure of the command using the basic form above, and fill in the dataset and variable names in the right place. Then, let’s write our first logical assertion, assigning any score of 70 or above to the “1st” marking band, and “unassigned” for everything else:

1dplyr::mutate(
  mcq_data,
2  mcq_band = dplyr::case_when(
3    mcq_perc >= 70 ~ "1st",
4    .default = "unassigned"
  )
)

1: Make a change to the mcq_data dataset as follows:
2: Create a new variable, mcq_band, by applying the following criteria.
3: For the cases that have a score in the mcq_perc variable that is greater than or equal to 70, assign the value “1st” to mcq_band.
4: For any remaining cases, assign the value “unassigned” to mcq_band.

id	distribution	consent	gender	age	mcq_score	condition	lab	test_round	mcq_perc	mcq_band
0C3da	anonymous	Yes	female	20	27	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
0D7OT	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	18	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
0Sbvm	anonymous	NA	female	19	14	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	28	unassigned
0c4cs	anonymous	Yes	female	20	24	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
0qtaJ	anonymous	Yes	female	19	8	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	16	unassigned
0upnc	anonymous	Yes	female	19	27	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
11RWE	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	16	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
13ECk	anonymous	Yes	female	18	16	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
14hab	anonymous	Yes	female	19	36	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
17DVa	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	35	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	70	1st
1Rn6s	anonymous	Yes	male	18	32	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
1U3uo	preview	Yes	female	19	24	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
1VTIt	anonymous	Yes	male	17	32	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
1YdZV	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
1Zycx	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	21	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
1crQC	anonymous	Yes	female	19	36	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
25pc7	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
2JwwB	anonymous	Yes	female	20	40	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	80	1st
2Nrw1	anonymous	Yes	female	18	28	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	56	unassigned
2Rauy	anonymous	Yes	female	21	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
2eaqo	anonymous	Yes	female	19	28	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	56	unassigned
2jBId	anonymous	No	female	18	14	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	28	unassigned
2jceE	anonymous	Yes	female	18	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
2nPXu	anonymous	Yes	male	19	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
2u1pE	anonymous	Yes	female	19	36	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
30f1u	anonymous	Yes	female	18	27	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
3U4eV	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
3UxFq	anonymous	Yes	female	19	36	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
3co3p	anonymous	Yes	non-binary	19	27	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
3fsST	anonymous	Yes	female	60	24	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
3i2E1	anonymous	Yes	female	19	32	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
3tYkD	anonymous	Yes	female	230	10	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	20	unassigned
42gb3	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	40	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	80	1st
4AOOf	anonymous	Yes	female	20	36	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
4DdZ7	anonymous	Yes	female	20	14	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	28	unassigned
4bD0z	anonymous	NA	other/pnts	18	32	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
4fj5T	anonymous	Yes	male	180	28	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	56	unassigned
4sl1v	anonymous	Yes	male	17	8	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	16	unassigned
567FX	anonymous	Yes	male	20	16	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
57VIy	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
5P1SM	anonymous	Yes	female	21	9	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	18	unassigned
5R6kh	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
5kwV6	anonymous	Yes	female	21	14	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	28	unassigned
604sE	anonymous	Yes	female	17	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
60RT2	anonymous	Yes	female	18	28	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	56	unassigned
6BURB	anonymous	No	other/pnts	21	18	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
6eXcl	anonymous	Yes	female	20	16	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
6ieyf	anonymous	Yes	female	20	16	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
79bUy	anonymous	Yes	female	37	14	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	28	unassigned
7IBO5	anonymous	Yes	female	20	18	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
7Rnrs	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
7aqLl	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	17	16	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
7cNhh	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
7nmrS	anonymous	Yes	male	20	24	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
7q2mO	anonymous	Yes	female	20	28	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	56	unassigned
7q31O	anonymous	NA	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
7suHW	anonymous	Yes	female	17	14	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	28	unassigned
8FULZ	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
8NDBN	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
8QRNK	anonymous	Yes	non-binary	18	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
8VtOH	anonymous	Yes	female	21	36	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
8a4cQ	anonymous	Yes	female	18	16	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
8gZ4N	anonymous	Yes	male	20	32	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
8njXv	preview	NA	female	18 years	36	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
8oJjk	anonymous	Yes	female	18	27	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
91elw	anonymous	Yes	male	19	40	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	80	1st
9C8jB	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	28	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	56	unassigned
9JizO	anonymous	Yes	male	20	36	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
9eSGk	anonymous	Yes	female	20	16	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
9kScn	anonymous	Yes	female	20	50	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	100	1st
9mpUu	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	52	14	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	28	unassigned
9vOj2	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
A0bdM	anonymous	Yes	female	20	14	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	28	unassigned
A3fBz	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	26	18	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
AB3Ij	anonymous	Yes	female	19	27	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
ABIG8	anonymous	Yes	female	18	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
AIDGD	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
AMVGF	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	27	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
AU8Xf	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
B3sQT	anonymous	Yes	male	20 years old	21	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	42	unassigned
B9ptw	anonymous	Yes	female	18	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
BD5VH	anonymous	Yes	female	17	35	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	70	1st
BKRNd	anonymous	Yes	female	19	22	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	44	unassigned
BLQ0T	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	12	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	24	unassigned
BMp5i	anonymous	Yes	female	18	45	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	90	1st
BOAq9	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	21	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	42	unassigned
BQzv9	anonymous	Yes	female	20	18	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
BT3yn	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	17	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
BaEJT	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
Bawej	anonymous	Yes	male	18	27	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
BwZMT	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
BxoYr	anonymous	Yes	male	19	21	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	42	unassigned
C0uUo	anonymous	Yes	female	20	16	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
C2yd8	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
C7cZS	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	35	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	70	1st
CNnTV	anonymous	NA	female	210	7	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	14	unassigned
CWz9G	anonymous	Yes	female	22	36	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
CXCEY	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
CZAvP	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
CZkx0	anonymous	Yes	female	20	14	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	28	unassigned
CkUqi	anonymous	Yes	female	19	27	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
Cntlm	anonymous	Yes	female	18	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
D09VK	preview	Yes	female	20	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
D27tu	anonymous	Yes	female	20	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
D4Ouu	anonymous	Yes	female	32	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
D8xUm	anonymous	Yes	female	20	21	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	42	unassigned
DKWAC	anonymous	Yes	male	18	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
DNVaD	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
DQMDF	anonymous	Yes	female	19	40	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	80	1st
DR76B	anonymous	Yes	female	20	24	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
DSXgx	anonymous	Yes	female	21	35	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	70	1st
DcHno	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
DoFNW	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	16	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
DoH5g	anonymous	No	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
DxQWx	anonymous	Yes	female	20	6	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	12	unassigned
EBecP	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
EGFk2	anonymous	Yes	female	18	9	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	18	unassigned
ELGp5	anonymous	Yes	male	18	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
EPLlm	anonymous	Yes	female	19	36	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
EjbZG	anonymous	No	male	19	40	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	80	1st
EjpDL	anonymous	Yes	female	18	27	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
Er8lG	anonymous	Yes	female	18	32	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
F6UhY	anonymous	Yes	female	18	8	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	16	unassigned
FEPUM	anonymous	Yes	female	19	35	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	70	1st
FHqks	anonymous	Yes	female	19	36	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
FLUxb	anonymous	Yes	female	18	32	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
FQ9jA	anonymous	Yes	female	19	27	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
FXs3X	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
FY4Qd	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
FgC2w	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	16	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
Fv6Hm	anonymous	Yes	female	19	14	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	28	unassigned
FxA3a	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	0	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	0	unassigned
G750q	anonymous	Yes	female	18	28	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	56	unassigned
GF7AW	anonymous	Yes	female	18	40	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	80	1st
GIdfy	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
GPeCC	anonymous	Yes	female	20	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
GXFHo	anonymous	Yes	female	18	36	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
GtuVx	anonymous	Yes	female	18	21	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	42	unassigned
GwzPE	preview	Yes	non-binary	19	12	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	24	unassigned
H0grb	anonymous	Yes	female	19	40	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	80	1st
Htlec	anonymous	Yes	male	190	24	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
IB3jV	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
IJpxI	anonymous	Yes	male	20	8	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	16	unassigned
IaQTG	anonymous	Yes	female	19	36	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
ItPc5	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	28	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	56	unassigned
IxAfx	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
IxCJg	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	14	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	28	unassigned
IybPq	anonymous	Yes	female	19	27	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
J5rW4	anonymous	Yes	female	20	16	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
Jb4Zj	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
Jfu4H	anonymous	NA	male	18	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
JmGnA	anonymous	Yes	female	19	45	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	90	1st
K4ccy	anonymous	Yes	female	19	40	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	80	1st
K4cqA	anonymous	Yes	female	20	16	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
K5AI8	anonymous	Yes	female	20	30	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	60	unassigned
K6WAN	anonymous	Yes	female	21	30	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	60	unassigned
KH29p	anonymous	Yes	female	19	0	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	0	unassigned
KJnFK	anonymous	Yes	female	18	40	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	80	1st
KQSrs	preview	NA	male	21	16	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
KaPny	anonymous	Yes	male	19	18	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
KarR9	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
KcUpk	anonymous	Yes	female	18	12	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	24	unassigned
Kf7xs	anonymous	Yes	female	18	16	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
KjaQK	anonymous	Yes	female	18	32	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
L0CPk	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	20	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	40	unassigned
L4Qxw	anonymous	Yes	male	19	28	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	56	unassigned
LONaU	anonymous	Yes	female	18	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
LYiMm	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
LZPJq	anonymous	Yes	female	19	32	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
Ljcpu	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	24	28	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	56	unassigned
LlCNK	anonymous	Yes	female	18	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
M2MI0	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	27	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
M4BLy	anonymous	Yes	female	18	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
M8Oxv	anonymous	Yes	female	19	9	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	18	unassigned
MBn1k	anonymous	Yes	female	21	27	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
MFJt5	anonymous	Yes	male	21	0	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	0	unassigned
MIov5	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
MZjPB	anonymous	NA	non-binary	19	27	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
MhO9r	anonymous	Yes	male	19	21	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	42	unassigned
MuIEO	anonymous	Yes	male	22	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
N0jIl	anonymous	Yes	female	17	16	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
N6FTh	anonymous	Yes	female	19	21	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	42	unassigned
NdYHw	anonymous	Yes	male	17	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
NqFOx	anonymous	Yes	male	19	27	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
O5JsZ	anonymous	Yes	male	19	20	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	40	unassigned
O8CdZ	anonymous	Yes	female	19	32	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
OGIx2	anonymous	Yes	female	22	27	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
OXSGm	anonymous	Yes	female	20	32	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
Ovi8C	anonymous	Yes	female	20	12	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	24	unassigned
OygRR	anonymous	Yes	female	19	18	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
PHYsH	anonymous	Yes	female	19	28	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	56	unassigned
PWZd9	anonymous	Yes	female	19	40	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	80	1st
QDq3A	anonymous	Yes	female	49	36	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
QDtKQ	anonymous	Yes	female	18	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
QQVJe	anonymous	Yes	female	18	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
Qcugp	anonymous	Yes	female	34	35	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	70	1st
QpLrh	anonymous	Yes	female	19	14	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	28	unassigned
R2B6T	anonymous	Yes	non-binary	20	27	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
R2Y7E	anonymous	Yes	female	220	45	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	90	1st
R47v6	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	27	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
RCDNX	anonymous	Yes	female	18	28	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	56	unassigned
RFJnJ	anonymous	Yes	female	19	9	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	18	unassigned
RKrjC	anonymous	Yes	female	21	36	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
RVUhK	anonymous	Yes	female	19	35	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	70	1st
RhYFX	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	18	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
RxCMC	anonymous	Yes	female	18	8	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	16	unassigned
SAkjm	anonymous	Yes	male	20	21	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	42	unassigned
SZWB3	anonymous	Yes	female	18	45	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	90	1st
SaC0c	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
TAtlY	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
Td2sp	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	43	24	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
Tvu4K	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	47	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
U7rUC	anonymous	Yes	female	20	0	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	0	unassigned
UJPCB	preview	Yes	female	18	28	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	56	unassigned
UUvvR	anonymous	Yes	female	18	32	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
UfHKg	preview	Yes	other/pnts	18	36	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
UoCiQ	anonymous	Yes	female	44	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
UsFJA	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	21	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
VAsax	anonymous	Yes	male	19	32	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
VAzZ4	preview	Yes	female	19	18	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
VEsAZ	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
VFHCz	anonymous	Yes	female	18	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
VLNR8	anonymous	Yes	female	19	18	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
VSXkO	anonymous	Yes	female	19	32	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
VX0eQ	anonymous	Yes	female	19	14	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	28	unassigned
VZ8g2	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
Vauqd	anonymous	Yes	female	18	18	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
Vgbl2	anonymous	Yes	female	19	27	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
VpL9v	anonymous	No	female	19	27	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
VrH7Z	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
Vu8ja	anonymous	Yes	female	20	27	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
W0GJa	anonymous	Yes	female	20	27	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
WBwEl	anonymous	Yes	female	18	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
WFtTV	anonymous	Yes	female	21	18	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
WIBkj	anonymous	Yes	male	18	32	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
WRhXk	anonymous	NA	female	19	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
WZeXp	anonymous	Yes	female	19	18	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
Wa4i1	anonymous	Yes	male	20	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
WdOtI	anonymous	Yes	male	18	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
WhMr1	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
WkVff	anonymous	Yes	male	20	14	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	28	unassigned
Wkczy	anonymous	Yes	male	42	16	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
WpZoF	anonymous	Yes	female	20	18	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
WrbdV	anonymous	Yes	female	20	7	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	14	unassigned
WvTTm	anonymous	Yes	female	19	32	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
Wxab9	anonymous	Yes	female	46	14	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	28	unassigned
WzwfL	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
X4X9u	anonymous	Yes	female	19	8	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	16	unassigned
X94fv	anonymous	Yes	female	21	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
XMUsl	anonymous	Yes	male	20	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
XNla5	anonymous	Yes	female	19	32	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
XRmHi	anonymous	Yes	female	19	40	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	80	1st
XTNNv	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
XdQAZ	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	21	21	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	42	unassigned
XdULZ	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	6	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	12	unassigned
Xhe8o	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
Y4hX5	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	17	30	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	60	unassigned
Y9l70	anonymous	Yes	female	19	45	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	90	1st
YBBpv	anonymous	Yes	male	20	10	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	20	unassigned
YDlvy	anonymous	Yes	female	39	28	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	56	unassigned
YI5OX	preview	Yes	male	23	28	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	56	unassigned
YJiyx	anonymous	Yes	male	18	18	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
YyvSr	anonymous	Yes	female	20	16	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
Z3D1i	anonymous	Yes	female	18	30	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	60	unassigned
Z5pG4	anonymous	Yes	female	20	35	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	70	1st
ZdlsP	anonymous	Yes	female	17	30	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	60	unassigned
ZfbJ5	anonymous	No	other/pnts	19	32	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
Zikvz	anonymous	Yes	female	20	24	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
ZmXSs	anonymous	Yes	female	18	21	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	42	unassigned
aLaPg	anonymous	Yes	male	18	40	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	80	1st
adPdh	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
aeqF8	anonymous	Yes	female	20	30	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	60	unassigned
ajiJb	anonymous	NA	female	20	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
an4Bk	anonymous	Yes	male	18	18	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
asHWN	anonymous	Yes	female	20	35	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	70	1st
bWJ9P	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
bbEVT	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	9	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	18	unassigned
bq9vF	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	16	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
cF65b	anonymous	Yes	female	20	32	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
cLK5b	anonymous	Yes	female	17	40	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	80	1st
caofW	anonymous	Yes	female	20	18	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
cwMSQ	anonymous	Yes	female	19	18	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
d4rJu	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	57	21	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	42	unassigned
dGttD	anonymous	Yes	male	21	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
dSPKO	anonymous	Yes	female	20	40	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	80	1st
daDjs	anonymous	Yes	female	19	27	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
dl5cO	anonymous	Yes	female	51	7	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	14	unassigned
dtOna	anonymous	Yes	male	20	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
eFBcM	anonymous	NA	female	19	8	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	16	unassigned
eGI1r	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	14	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	28	unassigned
eXXqe	anonymous	Yes	female	20	18	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
fCUzB	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
fIkUH	anonymous	Yes	male	18	45	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	90	1st
fL8q6	anonymous	No	female	19	40	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	80	1st
fMpxN	anonymous	Yes	female	20	16	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
fXyk6	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
faZaK	anonymous	Yes	female	18	16	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
fevx8	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
fvTHz	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
fyRug	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	18	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
fysPC	anonymous	Yes	female	20	9	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	18	unassigned
gEk8c	anonymous	Yes	female	20	45	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	90	1st
gFk3j	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
gLGEb	anonymous	Yes	female	20	32	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
gTwyG	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
gbS51	anonymous	Yes	female	20	8	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	16	unassigned
getql	anonymous	Yes	female	20	36	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
gys2m	anonymous	Yes	female	19	0	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	0	unassigned
h9bgT	anonymous	Yes	female	21	36	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
hAk7r	anonymous	Yes	female	19	27	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
hL89D	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	28	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	56	unassigned
hO1d9	anonymous	Yes	female	18	8	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	16	unassigned
hVnBV	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
hvnBr	anonymous	No	female	20	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
hwSwZ	anonymous	Yes	female	19	33	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	66	unassigned
i59RR	anonymous	NA	other/pnts	20	36	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
iCrQN	anonymous	Yes	female	19	36	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
iD9hw	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
iPxF0	anonymous	Yes	female	19	20	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	40	unassigned
iXfgl	anonymous	Yes	female	18	6	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	12	unassigned
iZ5Ke	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	54	21	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	42	unassigned
il39l	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
j7KVe	anonymous	Yes	female	20	18	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
jHGu5	anonymous	Yes	female	45	36	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
jLARq	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
jSyAN	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	17	27	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
jWq9O	anonymous	Yes	female	18	27	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
jf3nH	anonymous	Yes	female	20	18	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
jgRNK	anonymous	Yes	female	19	21	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	42	unassigned
ji41d	anonymous	Yes	female	16	18	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
jmLsY	anonymous	Yes	female	18	18	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
jmwSi	anonymous	Yes	female	18	36	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
jrDKg	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
jtMtP	anonymous	Yes	female	18	6	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	12	unassigned
k6UDx	anonymous	Yes	male	19	8	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	16	unassigned
kEP1V	anonymous	Yes	non-binary	53	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
kMNiI	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
kPaPZ	anonymous	Yes	female	19	21	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	42	unassigned
kRMUF	anonymous	Yes	female	19	7	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	14	unassigned
kS1iR	anonymous	Yes	female	18	9	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	18	unassigned
kYoLp	anonymous	Yes	female	21	16	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
kcnVj	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
khOxC	anonymous	Yes	female	19	27	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
kl0sP	anonymous	Yes	female	18	40	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	80	1st
kmG6j	anonymous	Yes	female	19	20	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	40	unassigned
kytPK	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	27	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
l60b2	anonymous	Yes	female	20	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
lGp5b	anonymous	Yes	female	17	9	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	18	unassigned
lWSMK	anonymous	NA	female	19	16	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
lZYPj	anonymous	Yes	male	19	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
leQj6	anonymous	No	female	20	8	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	16	unassigned
llurT	anonymous	Yes	female	18	21	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	42	unassigned
loO7K	anonymous	Yes	female	21	36	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
lvGzW	anonymous	Yes	female	19	28	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	56	unassigned
lyC9q	anonymous	Yes	male	18	36	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
m2Dcx	anonymous	Yes	female	17	32	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
m5atb	anonymous	No	other/pnts	18	45	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	90	1st
m7RM9	anonymous	NA	male	20	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
mNfOf	anonymous	Yes	female	20	24	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
mRJfz	anonymous	Yes	female	18	32	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
mUe2L	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
mVFza	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	16	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
mWF7h	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
mfTib	anonymous	Yes	female	20	18	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
mgU6J	anonymous	Yes	female	18	24	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
mm5mY	anonymous	Yes	male	20	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
mw4Kf	anonymous	Yes	female	19	18	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
n33R4	anonymous	Yes	female	27	36	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
n4R4P	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
n5DlS	anonymous	NA	female	19	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
nQtEb	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
nRG2C	preview	NA	female	20	40	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	80	1st
nSNLc	anonymous	Yes	female	17	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
njgt8	anonymous	Yes	female	20	21	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	42	unassigned
nm9bk	anonymous	Yes	female	17	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
no5PW	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
noVdw	anonymous	Yes	female	48	45	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	90	1st
nyaYZ	anonymous	Yes	female	20	40	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	80	1st
o0nLV	preview	Yes	female	19	21	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	42	unassigned
oGu48	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	28	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	56	unassigned
oRz5N	anonymous	Yes	female	18	32	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
oTapN	anonymous	Yes	male	18	27	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
oYLJv	anonymous	No	female	19	20	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	40	unassigned
ocAbh	anonymous	NA	male	18	12	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	24	unassigned
ouFFF	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
p4ZE3	anonymous	Yes	female	200	18	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
pQZlb	anonymous	Yes	male	18	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
pXcHr	anonymous	Yes	female	21	18	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
pnZuQ	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
qHA0y	anonymous	NA	female	18	40	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	80	1st
qIdkI	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	32	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
qN6C4	anonymous	Yes	female	18	24	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
qN9TW	anonymous	NA	female	21	24	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
qQwMw	preview	Yes	female	20	14	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	28	unassigned
qXrrA	anonymous	Yes	male	20	30	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	60	unassigned
qYYts	anonymous	Yes	female	21	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
qb9LW	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
qejj5	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
qhsfF	anonymous	Yes	female	18	40	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	80	1st
qkyKI	anonymous	Yes	female	17	24	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
qtaGK	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	32	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
r50GM	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
rDPQX	anonymous	Yes	female	20	32	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
rFHo4	anonymous	NA	female	20	50	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	100	1st
rOXvR	anonymous	No	female	19	18	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
rcnu3	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	16	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
rhVte	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	36	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
rriRG	anonymous	Yes	female	19	21	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	42	unassigned
s4P5c	anonymous	NA	female	17	28	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	56	unassigned
s94aP	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
sMnDB	anonymous	Yes	female	21	24	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
sXQ1a	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
seB6W	anonymous	Yes	male	20	18	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
smrQ6	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	21	28	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	56	unassigned
swu32	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
sxLaB	anonymous	Yes	female	21	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
t1mfp	anonymous	Yes	female	55	27	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
t78FX	anonymous	Yes	female	19	45	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	90	1st
tNLJ3	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
tNuov	anonymous	Yes	female	20	21	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	42	unassigned
tP3EH	anonymous	Yes	male	19	27	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
tPgph	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
tRubH	anonymous	Yes	non-binary	21	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
td473	anonymous	No	male	18	12	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	24	unassigned
tiMsW	anonymous	Yes	female	20	9	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	18	unassigned
u4hGl	anonymous	Yes	female	36	27	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
uEu4N	anonymous	Yes	female	18	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
uQ6Yl	anonymous	Yes	female	19	16	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
uaJGu	anonymous	Yes	male	20	16	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
ubxCE	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	24	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
ucGBA	anonymous	Yes	female	19	9	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	18	unassigned
udr3I	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
uhz5w	anonymous	Yes	female	21	16	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
ulrFC	preview	Yes	female	18	40	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	80	1st
vEL8x	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	45	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	90	1st
vKzBO	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	8	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	16	unassigned
vhcvY	anonymous	No	female	19	21	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	42	unassigned
vr1Ak	anonymous	Yes	female	18	12	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	24	unassigned
vsJ55	anonymous	Yes	female	17	20	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	40	unassigned
w3VSM	anonymous	Yes	female	16	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
w7s9C	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	18	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	36	unassigned
wBIMq	anonymous	Yes	male	19	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
wG2TR	anonymous	Yes	female	19	24	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	48	unassigned
wJTzk	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	7	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	14	unassigned
wUMuo	anonymous	Yes	male	19	16	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
wgZsr	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	32	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
x7wPc	anonymous	Yes	female	19	20	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	40	unassigned
x84Lq	anonymous	Yes	female	19	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
xqMbq	anonymous	Yes	male	20	27	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	54	unassigned
y9Spo	anonymous	Yes	female	19	32	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
yI4K6	anonymous	Yes	male	19	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
yIuEJ	anonymous	Yes	female	18	21	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	42	unassigned
yOdXf	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	18	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
yc1im	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
yf2Sk	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	20	16	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	32	unassigned
ywt26	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
z3Fm4	anonymous	No	female	19	40	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	80	1st
z96zx	anonymous	Yes	female	21	8	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	16	unassigned
zDLXV	anonymous	Yes	female	19	14	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	28	unassigned
zEubx	anonymous	Yes	non-binary	18	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
zFO0Y	anonymous	Yes	female	20	32	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	64	unassigned
zGCo3	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	14	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	28	unassigned
zL7Ou	anonymous	Yes	female	20	NA	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	NA	unassigned
zLJmL	anonymous	Yes	female	21	9	standard	Sussex	Spring 2024	18	unassigned
zVpq5	anonymous	Yes	female	17	45	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	90	1st
ziCb2	anonymous	Yes	other/pnts	19	36	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st
zwh9W	anonymous	Yes	female	19	36	gamified	Sussex	Spring 2024	72	1st

As you can see, only the cases that match the logical assertion (scores of 70 or higher in mcq_perc) have the value “1st” in mcq_band.

Now we’re not done of course - we still need to assign marking bands for the remaining scores.

Task 5

Create the mcq_band variable by completing case_when() with the following requirements. Make sure you assign the output to the dataset so that it includes the new variable.

70 and above: 1st
60 and above: 2.1
50 and above: 2.2
40 and above: 3rd
Below 40: Fail

Solution

mcq_data <- dplyr::mutate(
  mcq_data,
  mcq_band = dplyr::case_when(
    mcq_perc >= 70 ~ "1st",
    mcq_perc >= 60 ~ "2.1",
    mcq_perc >= 50 ~ "2.2",
    mcq_perc >= 40 ~ "3rd",
    mcq_perc < 40 ~ "Fail",
    .default = "unassigned"
  )
)

MoRe About: Matching Multiple Conditions

Note that these logical statements are overlapping. For example, someone who scored a 58 matches the condition for “2.2” and “3rd” (58 is greater than or equal to both 50 and 40!). However, that case would only get a single value, “2.2”. This is because the logical statements are evaluated in order, and once they match one of the statements, they are ignored by any subsequent statements.

Fixing Variables with Problems

For the last required task in this tutorial, we’re going to bring together everything we’ve learned in this and last week to tackle the last outstanding case: that problematic age variable.

The age variable, which should be a numeric variable according to the Codebook, is actually a character variable. This suggests something has gone wrong with the reading-in. Let’s get counts of the values in this variable first, using dplyr::count(). This handy little function will count the unique values of a variable for you, using the basic form:

dplyr::count(dataset_name, variable_name)

So, to get counts of all of the values in the age variable, we can use the following command:

dplyr::count(mcq_data, age)

# A tibble: 39 × 2
   age              n
   <chr>        <int>
 1 16               2
 2 17              21
 3 18              94
 4 18 years         1
 5 180              1
 6 19             168
 7 190              1
 8 20             117
 9 20 years old     1
10 200              1
# ℹ 29 more rows

Looking through the output, we might notice a couple things. There are some weird values in there (some people are centuries old!), but those are still numbers, so that’s not what is causing the variable to have the wrong data type. Instead, the issue is that there are a couple cases who included words in their ages: “20 years old” and “18 years”. Because these values contain words (characters), R has changed every value in the age variable to be character type! This sort of thing happens all the time - it’s exactly the kind of problem you might encounter with your dissertation data. Let’s think through the steps to resolve it:

First, we have to change the problematic values in age, while leaving the rest of the values the same. In this instance, let’s change the problem values to 20 and 18, because it’s clear what they intended to write. (If it was not clear what age they intended - for example, if they had left it blank or put an improbable age, like 230, it would be better to remove them instead.)
Next, once we have changed all the problematic values, we need to explicitly tell R to convert the data into numeric type.
Finally, we should check that this has worked using count(), summary(), and/or other functions.

To get you started, let’s have a look at the first part of the first step. To get set up, we again use the basic form and replace the names of the dataset and variables.

1dplyr::mutate(
  mcq_data,
2  age = dplyr::case_when(
3    age == "20 years old" ~ "20",
4    .default = age
  )
)

1: Make a change to the mcq_data dataset as follows:
2: Overwrite the existing variable, age, by applying the following criteria.
3: For the cases that have a value in the age variable that is exactly equal to “20 years old”, assign the value “20” to age.
4: For any remaining cases, assign the existing value from the age variable.

There are three things to note about this command. The first is that the variable name that we are creating with mutate() is the same as the variable name, age, that already exists in the dataset. This means that instead of creating a new variable, we will instead overwrite the existing age variable with the new one.

The second is that even though we want a numeric value in age, I’ve replaced the value with "20" instead of 20. This is because, at the moment, the variable is character type, so we have to use quotes (for now).

The last thing to notice is the line .default = age. This might look a bit strange, but it’s extremely useful because we only want to change a few individual cases. By setting .default to be the existing variable, we are essentially saying, “Use the same values that already exist in this variable by default, once you’ve changed the individual cases that need updating.”

Task 6

Finish fixing the age variable by completing the following steps:

Update the mutate() command above to also fix the problem value “18 years”.
Convert the age variable into numeric using the as.numeric() function.
Make sure you update your dataset so that it implements your changes!
Confirm that the age variable is now numeric and no longer contains any non-number values.

Warning

This is a tough task, but you can do it with what we’ve covered in this tutorial!

Solution

Let’s begin with the first two tasks. Both of them will require mutate(), so we can actually put both of them in a single command, separated by commas.

The first, fixing the problematic values, means we need to add another line to case_when() to change the value “18 years” to just “18”. Remember that because we are working with a character variable, you must use quotes!

Then, we need to convert the age variable into a numeric variable using as.numeric(). If you opened the help documentation for as.numeric(), you would see that it only needs a single argument, x, which is the value(s) to be changed to numeric. So, to change age to numeric, we simply need to write as.numeric(age).

So, altogether, we have two changes to make within mutate(), both making changes to the age variable. The first corrects the two problematic values so they contain only digits, although still in quotes. The second converts the whole variable to numeric.

Finally, we need to assign that change back to the dataset!

mcq_data <- dplyr::mutate(
  mcq_data,
  age = dplyr::case_when(
    age == "20 years old" ~ "20",
    age == "18 years" ~ "18",
    .default = age
  ), ## Watch the bracket and comma here!
  age = as.numeric(age)
)

Note the comment in the code about the bracket and comma. This bracket closes the case_when() command, but it needs a comma after it so we can then transform the age variable into numeric.

To check that this has worked, we can inspect the dataset any way we like, for example by using dplyr::count(), summary(), or just calling the dataset to confirm that the problem values have been changed to numbers and the age variable is now numeric rather than character.

## Look at age - now has min, max, mean etc.
summary(mcq_data)

      id            distribution         consent             gender         
 Length:467         Length:467         Length:467         Length:467        
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
      age          mcq_score      condition             lab           
 Min.   : 16.0   Min.   : 0.00   Length:467         Length:467        
 1st Qu.: 18.0   1st Qu.:16.00   Class :character   Class :character  
 Median : 19.0   Median :24.00   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 Mean   : 22.7   Mean   :23.99                                        
 3rd Qu.: 20.0   3rd Qu.:32.00                                        
 Max.   :230.0   Max.   :50.00                                        
                 NA's   :88                                           
  test_round           mcq_perc        mcq_band        
 Length:467         Min.   :  0.00   Length:467        
 Class :character   1st Qu.: 32.00   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Median : 48.00   Mode  :character  
                    Mean   : 47.98                     
                    3rd Qu.: 64.00                     
                    Max.   :100.00                     
                    NA's   :88

Very well done getting to the end! We will keep practicing the mutate/case_when combo throughout this module, so it’s fantastic that you’re putting in the work now to get a strong foundation. If you want even more practice - and some extra Kahoot! points - try taking on this week’s ChallengR as well.

ChallengR

ChallengR Time!

This task is a ChallengR, which are always optional, and will never be assessed - they’re only there to inspire you to try new things! If you solve this task successfully, you can earn a bonus 2500 Kahoot Points. You can use those points to earn bragging rights and, more importantly, shiny stickers. (See the Games and Awards page on Canvas.)

There are no solutions in this document for this ChallengR task. If you get stuck, ask us for help in your practicals or at the Help Desk, and we’ll be happy to point you in the right direction.

We’ve looked at a couple examples now of using filter() to clean datasets by removing cases that need to be excluded. However, that’s really only part of the picture. When you do your data analysis for real, for example for your dissertation, you must not only clean your data but also report your exclusions carefully. This means that you must report in your dissertation how many people you removed for each reason - how many responded but didn’t consent, how many were too young, etc.

To do this, instead of filtering them out in the first instance - which doesn’t keep any record of who we have excluded and why - we might also like to create a useful coding variable to help keep track of the number of cases we’ve removed, and for what reasons. We can draw on input from multiple variables to create this single new variable using the mutate + case_when combo.

Task 7

Create a new variable in the dataset called exclude. This variable should contain either the value “keep” (for cases that should be retained) or a short description of their reason for removal (for cases that should be removed). These reasons include:

“preview” for cases from preview runs (i.e. that are not real data)
“no_consent” for cases that did not actively consent to participate
“age_young” for cases that reported an age below the ethical low-risk age limit
“age_weird” for cases that reported an age that was inadmissable for other reasons - for instance, was missing, or was oddly high (e.g. 210)
- Use the Codebook to decide on a sensible cutoff.

Hint

Note that for the exclude variable, each assertion should be designed to return TRUE for the cases that we do NOT want to keep.

Remember that case_when() assigns values in order, so it’s important that you use the order in the list above. Each case will receive only one value, even if they match multiple criteria. For example, if you had a participant who didn’t consent and their age was 17, they should be coded as "no_consent" rather than "age_young" because the assertion about consent comes before the assertion about age in the code.

For the consent assertion, you may want to test your assertion using dplyr::filter() to check which cases it returns. NAs should be considered not consenting - have you captured them as well as the people who answered “No”?

Once you’ve completed the changes and created the exclude variable in your dataset, run the code chunk below exactly as it is - don’t change anything! If you completed the task correctly, it will reveal a passcode that will grant you 2500 Kahoot points.

mcq_data |> 
  dplyr::filter(exclude == "age_weird") |> 
  dplyr::pull(id) |> 
  paste0(collapse = "_")

To redeem your points, copy the output above and paste it as the passcode into the Week 2 ChallengR Canvas quiz. Don’t include the [1] or quotes. Well done!

Footnotes

Here, “silently” means that R overwrites the existing variable without flagging that it is doing this or asking you if you are sure, so it’s important to be aware of this behaviour (and to know what variables already exist in your dataset).↩︎
If this distinction doesn’t make a lot of sense yet, it will in a moment when we get to case_when()!↩︎

Overview

Data

Task 1

Codebook

Overview

Exclusions

Variables

To-Do List

Task 2

Mutate

Basic Form

Adding New Variables

Assigning Changes

Task 3

Task 4

Conditionals with case_when()

Basic Form

Recoding a Variable

Task 5

Fixing Variables with Problems

Task 6

ChallengR

Task 7

Footnotes

Conditionals with `case_when()`